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Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Warburg, E.F. (1952) Flora of the British Isles. 1st edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Friis, I. (1989) Urticaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa
Annual or perennial, monoecious or dioecious, herbs, usually with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite, simple; stipules lateral. Inflorescences axillary, often paired, comprising lax, cymose panicles. Flowers unisexual, in small cymose clusters. Perianth 4-merous. Male flowers: perianth segments free, in 2 subequal pairs; stamens 4; ovary rudimentary. Female flowers: perianth segments unequal; ovary ovoid, laterally flattened. Achene lenticular, enclosed in the persistent inner perianth segments. Worldwide: 80 species, more or less cosmopolitan, but concentrated in northern temperate regions. Burundi: 1 taxon. |
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| massaica Mildbr. |
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